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Low temperature pyrolysis was employed to produce solid fuel biochars from woody (pine wood) and non-woody biomass (coconut fiber) in the present study. Chemical evolution of biomass under pyrolysis conditions was determined and fuel qualities of the biochars were evaluated including energy densities, ash-related problems and combustion behaviors. The results showed that dehydration reaction of the...
The diffusion coefficient is a key parameter for evaluating the methane diffusion properties of a coal matrix. However, all of the current measurement technologies for methane diffusion coefficients, including the particle method, the steady state method and the inverse diffusion method, have certain limitations. For example, the pore structure of the sample is easily destroyed, and the test time...
The price of biodiesel compared with petrodiesel is sufficiently high to be a deterrent to consumers. By utilising calcium oxide catalysts, the cost of one of the operational inputs, the catalyst amount, can be decreased. These catalysts are derived via calcination from calcium carbonate containing materials such as marlstones. This research investigated the catalytic potential of two types of marlstones...
The general performance of a porous inert media burner system in terms of radiative efficiency, fuel flexibility, pollutant formation and reliability was determined experimentally. The porous burner of choice has been previously proven of being capable to operate on conventional and alternative gaseous fuels. The present study examines its operation with virtual blends of model fuels in order to assign...
Size, morphology and distributions of pores in organic matter of shale matrix are discussed based on high resolution images from experiments in the literature. 250 nanoscale structures of the organic matter are then reconstructed by randomly placing pore spheres with different diameters and overlap tolerances. Effects of porosity, the mean diameter and the overlap tolerance on void space connectivity...
This study is aimed to examine the utilization of wastewater produced from the microwave irradiation upgrading process of Indonesian lignite. Physicochemical properties including total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), organic functional groups, inorganic anions, inorganic cations, surface tension, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) of the removed water were analysed. Results showed...
This work illustrates ultrasound assisted synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using calcium diglyceroxide as a heterogeneous base catalyst. The effect of different variables such as methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst loading, reaction temperature, ultrasonic power and duty cycle on the progress of the reaction was studied. Under the optimal reaction conditions viz. methanol to oil molar...
The development of coal char structures with pyrolysis has been extensively investigated but has traditionally been focused on the carboniferous coals in the northern Hemisphere. In this investigation, the properties of pyrolysis chars generated from inertinite- and vitrinite-rich coals (81% and 91%mmb by volume, respectively) collected from selected South African coalfields were determined. Chars...
The catalytic conversion of non-edible oil was carried out over a Pd-based zeolite catalyst in a single-step process (SSP) with no added hydrogen to examine the possibility of the direct production of hydrocarbons in the ranges of jet fuel. The conversion of stearic acid, a model fatty acid compound, reached 100% and the proportion of hydrocarbons in the jet-fuel range was 69.3% over a Pd/beta-zeolite...
Tire pyrolysis liquid (TPL)/diesel fuel blend (50/50vol.%) was fed in a residential boiler unit of 29.1kW of nominal power, assessing its potential use as alternative heating fuel oil (HFO) for domestic heating. Process performance was compared to that observed for conventional diesel fuel. Both, 50/50 blend and reference diesel fuel were tested at three different positions of the screw which regulates...
The reaction between NO and biomass volatiles is important during biomass reburning deNOx technology. NO reduction by the simulated biomass volatiles (CH4, CO, H2, and CO2) was studied by experiments and kinetic modeling. The effect of inherent K/Na release on NO reduction by biomass volatiles was also studied. Results showed that the primary constituent in NO reduction was CH4, and NO reduction by...
In this study, vinasse, a by-product of sugar industry, was analysed for its behaviour during combustion in a fluidised bed combustor. Due to potential agglomeration problems owing to its high potassium content, the vinasse was first pre-assessed using agglomeration indices and muffle furnace tests. Subsequently it was co-fired with Thoresby singles coal in a bubbling fluidised bed of 25kW thermal...
In this work, the pulverized coal combustion of Zhundong lignite was conducted in an optically-accessible, downward Hencken flat-flame burner to investigate the incipient formation of ultrafine particulate matter (PM). The ultrafine PM were collected in-flame from distinct positions under 1800K, 1500K and 1200K using a self-designed thermophoretic sampler, together with extensive conventional transmission...
As an important and inevitable component of gasification slag, residual carbon is an internal factor that influences the flow properties of slag. In this study, the effect of residual carbon on slag viscosity was investigated. Viscosity of slag containing graphite was measured at 1350–1680°C under an argon (Ar) atmosphere. The fusibility of ash was examined with thermomechanical analyzer (TMA). X-ray...
The activity of the nanocomposite catalysts comprising of as-synthesized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with Co–Mo/MgO was studied on carbon dioxide (CO2) reforming of methane (CH4) (CRM) under various experimental conditions. The effects of reaction parameters such as hydrogen reduction, reaction temperature, CH4/CO2 gas feed ratio and gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) on the performance of...
Gasification is one of the most promising technologies to convert low quality fuels into more valuable ones. The main problem in the use of biomass in gasification processes is the high amount of tar released in the pyrolysis step. It is thus necessary to recover the tar and to transform it in lighter combustible gas species such as CH4, CO and H2 by means of catalytic processes. In this work the...
Ethanol has the potential to improve engine efficiency and reduce harmful emissions when used as fuel in a spark-ignited engine. Ethanol is mostly supplied in a splash-blended form with gasoline or in a pure form; however, this is not an optimal way of using ethanol because the use of ethanol leads to increased brake specific fuel consumption. To fully utilize the merits of ethanol, on-demand control...
India has about a tenth of the world’s coal reserves, much of it with high mineral content. These coals produce a large amount of fly ash, which can affect human health and environmental quality aspects during utilization. In this paper, the petrological and biological aspects of some industrially important Indian coal fly ash (CFA) from a coal-based captive power plant are addressed. The petrology...
Adsorption desulfurization is one of the most promising ways to reduce the sulfur content of gasoline at deeper level. In this work, thiophene (TP) adsorption capacity in cyclohexane onto [Cu3(BTC)2(H2O)3] (HKUST-1) was measured by batch method, and the effect of cyclohexene and toluene on sulfur capacity was investigated. Adsorption isotherms of TP, cyclohexene, and toluene in cyclohexane onto HKUST-1...
Microwaves, a form of electromagnetic radiation with high frequencies and short wavelengths, are often used for de-emulsification because various emulsion phases are susceptible to separation owing to the intense twisting of polar molecules and abrupt temperature increases caused by microwave vibration. This study was the first to prepare three-phase emulsions of biodiesel-in-nitromethane-in-diesel...
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